K-22.+U.S.+and+Soviet+Union+Arms+and+Space+Race

=___The Arms and Space Race___ = __ *The race between the United States and the Soviet Union for technological advancements in order to be superior. They crated new weapons and fought to control and rule space.*

**---"Weapons are money; no one knows the meaning of enough." -Martin Amis (Arms 2009)--**  **What is Brinkmanship?** = =
 * "The practice, especially in international politics, of seeking advantage by creating the impression that one is willing and able to push a highly dangerous situation to the limit rather than concede"* (Brinkmanship). __

= **_The Space Race_ ** =  ====October 4, **1957**: This marked the beginning of the space race between the United States and the Soviet Union. *Russia launched the first unmanned satellite, Sputnik 1* (Wade 1997). It was about the size of a normal beach ball, and weighed 183.9 pounds (Space Craft). It was launched from Baikonur, Kazakhstan, in Western Asia (Wade 1997). Once in space, it took about 98 minutes to orbit the Earth. This launch caught the world off guard. People everywhere feared that this might also lead to a possibility of the Soviets sometime later launching missiles from Europe and Russia to the United States (Streissguth). Both the United States and the Soviet Union were competing for the world's number one leader. The United States had their first attempt in December of 1957 when they launched the Vanguard. This was a great failure and derided as a "flopnik". The Vanguard got only a few feet off the launch pad and exploded on live television for all to see. In January of 1958, the Soviet Union launched another larger Sputnik into space, this time with a passenger. The United States tried again with another slender rocket, the Explorer 1. This was a step up from the Vanguard because it fully launched. However, there were some problems with the flight controls. They would not transmit and connect back to earth and there was no signal until the satellite had almost circled the earth completely. Leaders on the Explorer team were waiting in Washington for the news, and when they got it they rushed to the National Academy of Sciences to tell them the good news. This ment that the United States met the Soviet Union's challenge and was officially in the race (Wilford 2008). ====  (Sputnik).

(Buzz Aldrin). __The U.S. won the Space Race after the Apollo 11 landed on the moon on July 20,1969. __ == __**Important People **__==

====__Konstantin Tsiolkovsky-__ __a Russian school teacher who developed the basic theory used to propel rockets. He developed a design for a manned, tear-drop-shaped spacecraft powered by liquid oxygen__ (Irvine 2006). ====

[[image:http://www.informatics.org/museum/portoftsiolkovsky.jpg width="59" height="67"]]
__Yuri A. Garagin - Russian, first man to orbit the Earth. His flight lasted for an hour and forty eight minutes. The shuttle was 203 miles above sea level traveling at 17,000 mph__ (Irvine 2006).

[[image:http://www.vibrationdata.com/Resources/Yuj0701.jpg width="60" height="59" align="bottom"]]
__Wernher von Braun - German rocket scientist who designed V-2 rockets during World War 2. Liquid oxygen and an ethyl alcohol-water mixture powered the V-2 rockets. Von Braun later took his studies and expierements to the U.S__ (Irvine 2006). __Robert J. Oppenheimer-__ __led a team of U.S. researchers in Los Alamos, New Mexico. He was the first to develope the atomic bomb__ (Irvine 2006).  __Alan B. Shepard-__ __The first U.S. man to travel to space__ (Irvine 2006). <span style="color: rgb(0,0,128);">__John Glenn-__ __The first American to orbit the Earth__ (Irvine 2006). <span style="color: rgb(0,0,128);">__Neil Armstrong-__ __American, the first man to walk on the moon__ (Irvine 2006). <span style="color: rgb(0,0,128);">__John F. Kennedy-__ __President of the U.S. during the time of the Space Race and the Arms Race. He was later assassinated on November 22, 1963__ (Irvine 2006).

<span style="color: rgb(0,0,128);">__Nikita Khrushchev-__ __The leader of the Soviet Union during the Space Race and the Arms Race__ (Irvine 2006).
= = =<span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial Black', Gadget, sans-serif; background-color: #ffffff; text-align: center;">media type="custom" key="3835099" <span style="background-color: rgb(0,255,255);"> <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; background-color: rgb(70,231,226); text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: rgb(0,255,255);">T he Arms Race = <span style="color: rgb(0,0,128);"> August 29, **<span style="color: rgb(0,0,128);">1949 :** *In late August, 1949, the Soviet Union exploded their first atomic bomb* (Soviets). Their code name for it was "First Lightning". It was exploded at a remote test site filled with buildings, bridges, and other normal-seemingly structures purposely built to measure the effects of the blast on normal structures. Many animals were also placed in cages nearby to measure the effect on them. This set off action in the United States once they learned of the bomb. Three months later, it was learned that the German physicist who helped the United States build their first atomic bombs was behind it. He was arrested for passing secrets to the Soviets, and even sending them blueprints. This led President Truman to order the development of the hydrogen bomb, thinking that it would be much more powerful than the other atomic bombs. "Mike", the hydrogen bomb, was launched November 1, 1952, only three years after the Soviets. *Increasing tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union lead to military build up from both sides.*

<span style="display: block; color: rgb(0,0,128); text-align: center;">**<span style="color: rgb(0,0,255);">The Soviet Union spent between $4.8 billion and $10.1 billion on the manned moon programs. ** <span style="color: rgb(0,0,255);">**The costs for the U.S. are shown below**. **<span style="color: rgb(0,0,255);">All numbers are calculated in millions. (Race) ** Year** || **Total NASA Budget (1)** || **Project Mercury (2)** || **Gemini Program (3)** || **Apollo Program (4)** || || = <span style="color: rgb(0,0,0); background-color: rgb(52,205,29);">__Timeline <span style="background-color: rgb(255,143,0);"> __ =
 * The U.S. and the Soviet Union both developed a more powerful weapon known as the atomic bomb during the time of the Space Race.* On July 16,1945, the U.S. were the first to test the atomic bomb and were successful. On August 29, 1949, the Soviet Union successfully tested their first atomic bomb.
 * **Fiscal
 * 1959 || $369 || $46 || $0 || $0 || ||
 * 1960 || $485 || $84 || $0 || $0 || ||
 * 1961 || $967 || $124 || $0 || $1 || ||
 * 1962 || $1,825 || $31 || $55 || $160 || ||
 * 1963 || $3,674 || $21 || $289 || $617 || ||
 * 1964 || $5,100 || $0 || $419 || $2,273 || ||
 * 1965 || $5,250 || $0 || $308 || $2,615 || ||
 * 1966 || $5,175 || $0 || $197 || $2,967 || ||
 * 1967 || $4,968 || $0 || $22 || $2,916 || ||
 * 1968 || $4,589 || $0 || $0 || $2,556 || ||
 * 1969 || $3,995 || $0 || $0 || $2,025 || ||
 * 1957:** Soviet Union launches Sputnik (Beck 537).
 * 1958:** U.S. launches Explorer 1. NASA formed (Beck 537).
 * 1959:** Soviet Union launches Luna 2; the first space probe to land on the moon (Beck 537).
 * October 1959****:** United States deploys it's first operational intercontinental ballistic named Atlas D (Space).
 * 1960:** Soviets shoot down American spy plane* (Sullivan).
 * 1961:** First American in space was Alan Shepard (Beck 537).
 * 1961:** Soviet Union sends first man, Yuri Gagarin, to orbit the Earth (Beck 537).
 * 1962:** First American orbits earth- John Glen Jr (Beck 537).
 * 1962:** Mariner 2 flies past Venus (Beck 537).
 * June 1963:** The United States establishes a radio and telegraph Hot Line with the Soviet Union to prevent unwanted explosions (Space).
 * 1963:** First woman in space was Soviet Valentina Tereshkova (Beck 537).
 * 1965:** Mariner 4 space probe flies past Mars (Beck 537).
 * 1968:** U.S. launches Apollo 8, first manned mission to orbit the moon (Space).
 * 1969:** U.S. lands on the moon; Neil Armstrong, Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin, Michael Collins (Beck 537).
 * August 1970:** The United States deploys its first missile with many reentry vehicles named the Minutemen III (Space).
 * 1970:** Venera 7 lands on Venus (Beck 537).
 * 1971:** First manned space station (Beck 537).
 * 1971:** Mars 3 drops capsule on Mars (Beck 537).
 * 1973:** Pioneer 7 sent towards Jupiter (Beck 537).
 * 1974:** The United States and the Soviet Union signed the Threshold Test Ban Treaty. The treaty limited the testing of underground nuclear weapons (Space).
 * 1975:** U.S and Soviet Union launch first joint space mission (Beck 537).

<span style="display: block; color: rgb(0,0,0); background-color: rgb(255,143,0); text-align: center;">End of The Arms and Space Race
In 1969 the United States had the first astronauts to set foot on the moon. By getting on the moon, the United States won the eyes of the world. The Soviet Union didn't even try to duplicate this. Instead they worked towards a long-duration space station. This space station was successful but not noted at first in the United States because they were involved in space shuttle missions. Despite this, the space race did not officially end until the Cold War ended and the Soviet Union disintegrated. The United States and the Soviet Union then began working together on the International Space Station in stead of fighting in space (Wilford 2008). *Important information (Answers to questions in packet)

<span style="background-color: rgb(52,205,29);">Works Cited
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Beck, Roger B., Black, Linda, Krieger, Larry S., Naylor, Phillip C., Shabaka, Dahia Ibo. Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction. Evansville, IL: McDougal Little, 2005.

Brinkmanship. (n.d.). The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language Fourth Edition. Retrieved May 11, 2009, from Dictionary.com website: http://dictionary1.classic.reference.com/browse/brinkmanship.

“Exhibitions” Space Race. National Air and Space Museam. 2009. http://www.nasm.si.edu/exhibitions/gal114/. 5 May. 2009

Irvine, Tom. “The Cold War and Space Race Era”. 11 March 2006. http://www.vibrationdata.com/SpaceRace.htm 5 May 2009.

“John F. Kennedy”. The History Place 1996. 5 May 2009. http://www.historyplace.com/kennedy/president.htm

“John Glenn” Biographical Directory of the United States Congress 1999. 5 May 2009. http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=G000236

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“Neil Armstrong”. 5 May 2009. http://starchild.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/StarChild/whos_who_level2/armstrong.html

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“Soviets explode atomic bomb.” The History Channel Website. http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history.do?action=Article&id=5299. 11 May 2009.

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Speakman, Jay. The Cold War. San Diego: Greenhaven Press. 2001.

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Sullivan, Mitchell. "Francis Gary Powers: One Man Two Countries, and the Cold War." http://www.military.com/Content/MoreContent1/?file=cw_fgpowers. 5 May 2009. Wade, Mark. “Sputnik 1.” Sputnik1. 1997. http://www.astronautix.com/craft/sptnik1.htm 6 May 2009.

“We Choose To Go To The Moon”. Disclosed.tv. http://www.disclose.tv/action/viewvideo/13480/JFK_We_Choose_To_Go_To_The_Moon__Full_Speech_/. 15 May 2009.

“Wernher con Braun”. Spartucus. 5 May 2009. http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAbraun.htm

Wilford, John Noble. “Remembering When U.S. Finally (and Really) Joined the Space Race”. Space and Cosmos. The New York Times. 29 January. 2008 http://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/29/science/space/29space.html?_r=1 66 May. 2009